Sparse Symbol API¶

Overview¶

This document lists the routines of the sparse symbolic expression package:

mxnet.symbol.sparse Sparse Symbol API of MXNet.

The Sparse Symbol API, defined in the symbol.sparse package, provides sparse neural network graphs and auto-differentiation on CPU.

The storage type of a variable is speficied by the stype attribute of the variable. The storage type of a symbolic expression is inferred based on the storage types of the variables and the operators.

>>> a = mx.sym.Variable('a', stype='csr')
>>> b = mx.sym.Variable('b')
>>> c = mx.sym.dot(a, b, transpose_a=True)
>>> type(c)

>>> e = c.bind(mx.cpu(), {'a': mx.nd.array([[1,0,0]]).tostype('csr'), 'b':mx.nd.ones((1,2))})
>>> y = e.forward()
# the result storage type of dot(csr.T, dense) is inferred to be `row_sparse`
>>> y
[]
>>> y[0].asnumpy()
array([ 1.,  1.],
      [ 0.,  0.],
      [ 0.,  0.]], dtype=float32)

Note

most operators provided in mxnet.symbol.sparse are similar to those in mxnet.symbol although there are few differences:

Only a subset of operators in mxnet.symbol have specialized implementations in mxnet.symbol.sparse. Operators such as reduction and broadcasting do not have sparse implementations yet.
The storage types (stype) of sparse operators’ outputs depend on the storage types of inputs. By default the operators not available in mxnet.symbol.sparse infer “default” (dense) storage type for outputs. Please refer to the API reference section for further details on specific operators.
GPU support for mxnet.symbol.sparse is experimental.

In the rest of this document, we list sparse related routines provided by the symbol.sparse package.

Symbol creation routines¶

`zeros_like`	Return an array of zeros with the same shape and type as the input array.
`mxnet.symbol.var`	Creates a symbolic variable with specified name.

Symbol manipulation routines¶

Changing symbol storage type¶

cast_storage Casts tensor storage type to the new type.

Indexing routines¶

`slice`	Slices a region of the array.
`retain`	pick rows specified by user input index array from a row sparse matrix

Mathematical functions¶

Arithmetic operations¶

`elemwise_add`	Adds arguments element-wise.
`elemwise_sub`	Subtracts arguments element-wise.
`elemwise_mul`	Multiplies arguments element-wise.
`negative`	Numerical negative of the argument, element-wise.
`dot`	Dot product of two arrays.
`add_n`	Adds all input arguments element-wise.

Trigonometric functions¶

`sin`	Computes the element-wise sine of the input array.
`tan`	Computes the element-wise tangent of the input array.
`arcsin`	Returns element-wise inverse sine of the input array.
`arctan`	Returns element-wise inverse tangent of the input array.
`degrees`	Converts each element of the input array from radians to degrees.
`radians`	Converts each element of the input array from degrees to radians.

Hyperbolic functions¶

`sinh`	Returns the hyperbolic sine of the input array, computed element-wise.
`tanh`	Returns the hyperbolic tangent of the input array, computed element-wise.
`arcsinh`	Returns the element-wise inverse hyperbolic sine of the input array, computed element-wise.
`arctanh`	Returns the element-wise inverse hyperbolic tangent of the input array, computed element-wise.

Reduce functions¶

`sum`	Computes the sum of array elements over given axes.
`mean`	Computes the mean of array elements over given axes.

Rounding¶

`round`	Returns element-wise rounded value to the nearest integer of the input.
`rint`	Returns element-wise rounded value to the nearest integer of the input.
`fix`	Returns element-wise rounded value to the nearest integer towards zero of the input.
`floor`	Returns element-wise floor of the input.
`ceil`	Returns element-wise ceiling of the input.
`trunc`	Return the element-wise truncated value of the input.

Exponents and logarithms¶

`expm1`	Returns `exp(x) - 1` computed element-wise on the input.
`log1p`	Returns element-wise `log(1 + x)` value of the input.

Powers¶

`sqrt`	Returns element-wise square-root value of the input.
`square`	Returns element-wise squared value of the input.

Miscellaneous¶

`clip`	Clips (limits) the values in an array.
`abs`	Returns element-wise absolute value of the input.
`sign`	Returns element-wise sign of the input.

Neural network¶

More¶

`make_loss`	Make your own loss function in network construction.
`stop_gradient`	Stops gradient computation.
`mxnet.symbol.contrib.SparseEmbedding`	Maps integer indices to vector representations (embeddings).

API Reference¶

Sparse Symbol API of MXNet.

mxnet.symbol.sparse.ElementWiseSum(*args, **kwargs)¶

Adds all input arguments element-wise.

\[add\_n(a_1, a_2, ..., a_n) = a_1 + a_2 + ... + a_n\]

add_n is potentially more efficient than calling add by n times.

The storage type of add_n output depends on storage types of inputs

add_n(row_sparse, row_sparse, ..) = row_sparse
otherwise, add_n generates output with default storage

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_sum.cc:L123 This function support variable length of positional input.

Parameters:	args (Symbol[]) – Positional input arguments name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.abs(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Returns element-wise absolute value of the input.

Example:

abs([-2, 0, 3]) = [2, 0, 3]

The storage type of abs output depends upon the input storage type:

abs(default) = default

abs(row_sparse) = row_sparse

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_basic.cc:L385

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.adam_update(weight=None, grad=None, mean=None, var=None, lr=_Null, beta1=_Null, beta2=_Null, epsilon=_Null, wd=_Null, rescale_grad=_Null, clip_gradient=_Null, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Update function for Adam optimizer. Adam is seen as a generalization of AdaGrad.

Adam update consists of the following steps, where g represents gradient and m, v are 1st and 2nd order moment estimates (mean and variance).

\[\begin{split}g_t = \nabla J(W_{t-1})\\ m_t = \beta_1 m_{t-1} + (1 - \beta_1) g_t\\ v_t = \beta_2 v_{t-1} + (1 - \beta_2) g_t^2\\ W_t = W_{t-1} - \alpha \frac{ m_t }{ \sqrt{ v_t } + \epsilon }\end{split}\]

It updates the weights using:

m = beta1*m + (1-beta1)*grad
v = beta2*v + (1-beta2)*(grad**2)
w += - learning_rate * m / (sqrt(v) + epsilon)

If w, m and v are all of row_sparse storage type, only the row slices whose indices appear in grad.indices are updated (for w, m and v):

for row in grad.indices:
    m[row] = beta1*m[row] + (1-beta1)*grad[row]
    v[row] = beta2*v[row] + (1-beta2)*(grad[row]**2)
    w[row] += - learning_rate * m[row] / (sqrt(v[row]) + epsilon)

Defined in src/operator/optimizer_op.cc:L383

Parameters:	weight (Symbol) – Weight grad (Symbol) – Gradient mean (Symbol) – Moving mean var (Symbol) – Moving variance lr (float, required) – Learning rate beta1 (float, optional, default=0.9) – The decay rate for the 1st moment estimates. beta2 (float, optional, default=0.999) – The decay rate for the 2nd moment estimates. epsilon (float, optional, default=1e-08) – A small constant for numerical stability. wd (float, optional, default=0) – Weight decay augments the objective function with a regularization term that penalizes large weights. The penalty scales with the square of the magnitude of each weight. rescale_grad (float, optional, default=1) – Rescale gradient to grad = rescale_gradgrad. clip_gradient* (float, optional, default=-1) – Clip gradient to the range of [-clip_gradient, clip_gradient] If clip_gradient <= 0, gradient clipping is turned off. grad = max(min(grad, clip_gradient), -clip_gradient). name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.add_n(*args, **kwargs)¶

Adds all input arguments element-wise.

\[add\_n(a_1, a_2, ..., a_n) = a_1 + a_2 + ... + a_n\]

add_n is potentially more efficient than calling add by n times.

The storage type of add_n output depends on storage types of inputs

add_n(row_sparse, row_sparse, ..) = row_sparse
otherwise, add_n generates output with default storage

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_sum.cc:L123 This function support variable length of positional input.

Parameters:	args (Symbol[]) – Positional input arguments name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.arccos(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Returns element-wise inverse cosine of the input array.

The input should be in range [-1, 1]. The output is in the closed interval \([0, \pi]\)

\[arccos([-1, -.707, 0, .707, 1]) = [\pi, 3\pi/4, \pi/2, \pi/4, 0]\]

The storage type of arccos output is always dense

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_trig.cc:L123

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.arccosh(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Returns the element-wise inverse hyperbolic cosine of the input array, computed element-wise.

The storage type of arccosh output is always dense

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_trig.cc:L264

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.arcsin(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Returns element-wise inverse sine of the input array.

The input should be in the range [-1, 1]. The output is in the closed interval of [\(-\pi/2\), \(\pi/2\)].

\[arcsin([-1, -.707, 0, .707, 1]) = [-\pi/2, -\pi/4, 0, \pi/4, \pi/2]\]

The storage type of arcsin output depends upon the input storage type:

arcsin(default) = default

arcsin(row_sparse) = row_sparse

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_trig.cc:L104

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.arcsinh(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Returns the element-wise inverse hyperbolic sine of the input array, computed element-wise.

The storage type of arcsinh output depends upon the input storage type:

arcsinh(default) = default

arcsinh(row_sparse) = row_sparse

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_trig.cc:L250

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.arctan(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Returns element-wise inverse tangent of the input array.

The output is in the closed interval \([-\pi/2, \pi/2]\)

\[arctan([-1, 0, 1]) = [-\pi/4, 0, \pi/4]\]

The storage type of arctan output depends upon the input storage type:

arctan(default) = default

arctan(row_sparse) = row_sparse

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_trig.cc:L144

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.arctanh(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Returns the element-wise inverse hyperbolic tangent of the input array, computed element-wise.

The storage type of arctanh output depends upon the input storage type:

arctanh(default) = default

arctanh(row_sparse) = row_sparse

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_trig.cc:L281

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.cast_storage(data=None, stype=_Null, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Casts tensor storage type to the new type.

When an NDArray with default storage type is cast to csr or row_sparse storage, the result is compact, which means:

for csr, zero values will not be retained
for row_sparse, row slices of all zeros will not be retained

The storage type of cast_storage output depends on stype parameter:

cast_storage(csr, ‘default’) = default
cast_storage(row_sparse, ‘default’) = default
cast_storage(default, ‘csr’) = csr
cast_storage(default, ‘row_sparse’) = row_sparse

Example:

dense = [[ 0.,  1.,  0.],
         [ 2.,  0.,  3.],
         [ 0.,  0.,  0.],
         [ 0.,  0.,  0.]]

# cast to row_sparse storage type
rsp = cast_storage(dense, 'row_sparse')
rsp.indices = [0, 1]
rsp.values = [[ 0.,  1.,  0.],
              [ 2.,  0.,  3.]]

# cast to csr storage type
csr = cast_storage(dense, 'csr')
csr.indices = [1, 0, 2]
csr.values = [ 1.,  2.,  3.]
csr.indptr = [0, 1, 3, 3, 3]

Defined in src/operator/tensor/cast_storage.cc:L69

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input. stype ({'csr', 'default', 'row_sparse'}, required) – Output storage type. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.ceil(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Returns element-wise ceiling of the input.

The ceil of the scalar x is the smallest integer i, such that i >= x.

Example:

ceil([-2.1, -1.9, 1.5, 1.9, 2.1]) = [-2., -1.,  2.,  2.,  3.]

The storage type of ceil output depends upon the input storage type:

ceil(default) = default

ceil(row_sparse) = row_sparse

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_basic.cc:L463

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.clip(data=None, a_min=_Null, a_max=_Null, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Clips (limits) the values in an array.

Given an interval, values outside the interval are clipped to the interval edges. Clipping x between a_min and a_x would be:

clip(x, a_min, a_max) = max(min(x, a_max), a_min))

Example:

x = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

clip(x,1,8) = [ 1.,  1.,  2.,  3.,  4.,  5.,  6.,  7.,  8.,  8.]

The storage type of clip output depends on storage types of inputs and the a_min, a_max parameter values:

clip(default) = default

clip(row_sparse, a_min <= 0, a_max >= 0) = row_sparse

clip(csr, a_min <= 0, a_max >= 0) = csr

clip(row_sparse, a_min < 0, a_max < 0) = default

clip(row_sparse, a_min > 0, a_max > 0) = default

clip(csr, a_min < 0, a_max < 0) = csr

clip(csr, a_min > 0, a_max > 0) = csr

Defined in src/operator/tensor/matrix_op.cc:L486

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – Input array. a_min (float, required) – Minimum value a_max (float, required) – Maximum value name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.cos(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Computes the element-wise cosine of the input array.

The input should be in radians (\(2\pi\) rad equals 360 degrees).

\[cos([0, \pi/4, \pi/2]) = [1, 0.707, 0]\]

The storage type of cos output is always dense

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_trig.cc:L63

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.cosh(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Returns the hyperbolic cosine of the input array, computed element-wise.

\[cosh(x) = 0.5\times(exp(x) + exp(-x))\]

The storage type of cosh output is always dense

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_trig.cc:L216

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.degrees(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Converts each element of the input array from radians to degrees.

\[degrees([0, \pi/2, \pi, 3\pi/2, 2\pi]) = [0, 90, 180, 270, 360]\]

The storage type of degrees output depends upon the input storage type:

degrees(default) = default

degrees(row_sparse) = row_sparse

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_trig.cc:L163

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.dot(lhs=None, rhs=None, transpose_a=_Null, transpose_b=_Null, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Dot product of two arrays.

dot‘s behavior depends on the input array dimensions:

1-D arrays: inner product of vectors
2-D arrays: matrix multiplication
N-D arrays: a sum product over the last axis of the first input and the first axis of the second input

For example, given 3-D x with shape (n,m,k) and y with shape (k,r,s), the result array will have shape (n,m,r,s). It is computed by:
```
dot(x,y)[i,j,a,b] = sum(x[i,j,:]*y[:,a,b])
```
Example:
```
x = reshape([0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7], shape=(2,2,2))
y = reshape([7,6,5,4,3,2,1,0], shape=(2,2,2))
dot(x,y)[0,0,1,1] = 0
sum(x[0,0,:]*y[:,1,1]) = 0
```

The storage type of dot output depends on storage types of inputs and transpose options:

dot(csr, default) = default
dot(csr.T, default) = row_sparse
dot(csr, row_sparse) = default
dot(default, csr) = csr
otherwise, dot generates output with default storage

Defined in src/operator/tensor/dot.cc:L62

Parameters:	lhs (Symbol) – The first input rhs (Symbol) – The second input transpose_a (boolean, optional, default=0) – If true then transpose the first input before dot. transpose_b (boolean, optional, default=0) – If true then transpose the second input before dot. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.elemwise_add(lhs=None, rhs=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Adds arguments element-wise.

The storage type of elemwise_add output depends on storage types of inputs

elemwise_add(row_sparse, row_sparse) = row_sparse

elemwise_add(csr, csr) = csr

otherwise, elemwise_add generates output with default storage

Parameters:	lhs (Symbol) – first input rhs (Symbol) – second input name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.elemwise_div(lhs=None, rhs=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Divides arguments element-wise.

The storage type of elemwise_div output is always dense

Parameters:	lhs (Symbol) – first input rhs (Symbol) – second input name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.elemwise_mul(lhs=None, rhs=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Multiplies arguments element-wise.

The storage type of elemwise_mul output depends on storage types of inputs

elemwise_mul(default, default) = default

elemwise_mul(row_sparse, row_sparse) = row_sparse

elemwise_mul(default, row_sparse) = default

elemwise_mul(row_sparse, default) = default

elemwise_mul(csr, csr) = csr

otherwise, elemwise_mul generates output with default storage

Parameters:	lhs (Symbol) – first input rhs (Symbol) – second input name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.elemwise_sub(lhs=None, rhs=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Subtracts arguments element-wise.

The storage type of elemwise_sub output depends on storage types of inputs

elemwise_sub(row_sparse, row_sparse) = row_sparse

elemwise_sub(csr, csr) = csr

otherwise, elemwise_sub generates output with default storage

Parameters:	lhs (Symbol) – first input rhs (Symbol) – second input name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.exp(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Returns element-wise exponential value of the input.

\[exp(x) = e^x \approx 2.718^x\]

Example:

exp([0, 1, 2]) = [1., 2.71828175, 7.38905621]

The storage type of exp output is always dense

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_basic.cc:L641

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.expm1(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Returns exp(x) - 1 computed element-wise on the input.

This function provides greater precision than exp(x) - 1 for small values of x.

The storage type of expm1 output depends upon the input storage type:

expm1(default) = default

expm1(row_sparse) = row_sparse

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_basic.cc:L720

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.fix(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Returns element-wise rounded value to the nearest integer towards zero of the input.

Example:

fix([-2.1, -1.9, 1.9, 2.1]) = [-2., -1.,  1., 2.]

The storage type of fix output depends upon the input storage type:

fix(default) = default

fix(row_sparse) = row_sparse

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_basic.cc:L520

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.floor(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Returns element-wise floor of the input.

The floor of the scalar x is the largest integer i, such that i <= x.

Example:

floor([-2.1, -1.9, 1.5, 1.9, 2.1]) = [-3., -2.,  1.,  1.,  2.]

The storage type of floor output depends upon the input storage type:

floor(default) = default

floor(row_sparse) = row_sparse

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_basic.cc:L482

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.ftrl_update(weight=None, grad=None, z=None, n=None, lr=_Null, lamda1=_Null, beta=_Null, wd=_Null, rescale_grad=_Null, clip_gradient=_Null, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Update function for Ftrl optimizer. Referenced from Ad Click Prediction: a View from the Trenches, available at http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2488200.

It updates the weights using:

rescaled_grad = clip(grad * rescale_grad, clip_gradient)
z += rescaled_grad - (sqrt(n + rescaled_grad**2) - sqrt(n)) * weight / learning_rate
n += rescaled_grad**2
w = (sign(z) * lamda1 - z) / ((beta + sqrt(n)) / learning_rate + wd) * (abs(z) > lamda1)

If w, z and n are all of row_sparse storage type, only the row slices whose indices appear in grad.indices are updated (for w, z and n):

for row in grad.indices:
    rescaled_grad[row] = clip(grad[row] * rescale_grad, clip_gradient)
    z[row] += rescaled_grad[row] - (sqrt(n[row] + rescaled_grad[row]**2) - sqrt(n[row])) * weight[row] / learning_rate
    n[row] += rescaled_grad[row]**2
    w[row] = (sign(z[row]) * lamda1 - z[row]) / ((beta + sqrt(n[row])) / learning_rate + wd) * (abs(z[row]) > lamda1)

Defined in src/operator/optimizer_op.cc:L520

Parameters:	weight (Symbol) – Weight grad (Symbol) – Gradient z (Symbol) – z n (Symbol) – Square of grad lr (float, required) – Learning rate lamda1 (float, optional, default=0.01) – The L1 regularization coefficient. beta (float, optional, default=1) – Per-Coordinate Learning Rate beta. wd (float, optional, default=0) – Weight decay augments the objective function with a regularization term that penalizes large weights. The penalty scales with the square of the magnitude of each weight. rescale_grad (float, optional, default=1) – Rescale gradient to grad = rescale_gradgrad. clip_gradient* (float, optional, default=-1) – Clip gradient to the range of [-clip_gradient, clip_gradient] If clip_gradient <= 0, gradient clipping is turned off. grad = max(min(grad, clip_gradient), -clip_gradient). name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.gamma(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Returns the gamma function (extension of the factorial function to the reals), computed element-wise on the input array.

The storage type of gamma output is always dense

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.gammaln(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Returns element-wise log of the absolute value of the gamma function of the input.

The storage type of gammaln output is always dense

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.log(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Returns element-wise Natural logarithmic value of the input.

The natural logarithm is logarithm in base e, so that log(exp(x)) = x

The storage type of log output is always dense

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_basic.cc:L653

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.log10(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Returns element-wise Base-10 logarithmic value of the input.

10**log10(x) = x

The storage type of log10 output is always dense

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_basic.cc:L665

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.log1p(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Returns element-wise log(1 + x) value of the input.

This function is more accurate than log(1 + x) for small x so that \(1+x\approx 1\)

The storage type of log1p output depends upon the input storage type:

log1p(default) = default

log1p(row_sparse) = row_sparse

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_basic.cc:L702

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.log2(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Returns element-wise Base-2 logarithmic value of the input.

2**log2(x) = x

The storage type of log2 output is always dense

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_basic.cc:L677

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.make_loss(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Make your own loss function in network construction.

This operator accepts a customized loss function symbol as a terminal loss and the symbol should be an operator with no backward dependency. The output of this function is the gradient of loss with respect to the input data.

For example, if you are a making a cross entropy loss function. Assume out is the predicted output and label is the true label, then the cross entropy can be defined as:

cross_entropy = label * log(out) + (1 - label) * log(1 - out)
loss = make_loss(cross_entropy)

We will need to use make_loss when we are creating our own loss function or we want to combine multiple loss functions. Also we may want to stop some variables’ gradients from backpropagation. See more detail in BlockGrad or stop_gradient.

The storage type of make_loss output depends upon the input storage type:

make_loss(default) = default

make_loss(row_sparse) = row_sparse

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_basic.cc:L199

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.mean(data=None, axis=_Null, keepdims=_Null, exclude=_Null, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Computes the mean of array elements over given axes.

Defined in src/operator/tensor/broadcast_reduce_op_value.cc:L101

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input axis (Shape(tuple), optional, default=[]) – The axis or axes along which to perform the reduction. The default, axis=(), will compute over all elements into a scalar array with shape (1,). If axis is int, a reduction is performed on a particular axis. If axis is a tuple of ints, a reduction is performed on all the axes specified in the tuple. If exclude is true, reduction will be performed on the axes that are NOT in axis instead. Negative values means indexing from right to left. keepdims (boolean, optional, default=0) – If this is set to True, the reduced axes are left in the result as dimension with size one. exclude (boolean, optional, default=0) – Whether to perform reduction on axis that are NOT in axis instead. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.negative(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Numerical negative of the argument, element-wise.

The storage type of negative output depends upon the input storage type:

negative(default) = default

negative(row_sparse) = row_sparse

negative(csr) = csr

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.norm(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Flattens the input array and then computes the l2 norm.

Examples:

x = [[1, 2],
     [3, 4]]

norm(x) = [5.47722578]

rsp = x.cast_storage('row_sparse')

norm(rsp) = [5.47722578]

csr = x.cast_storage('csr')

norm(csr) = [5.47722578]

Defined in src/operator/tensor/broadcast_reduce_op_value.cc:L266

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – Source input name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.radians(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Converts each element of the input array from degrees to radians.

\[radians([0, 90, 180, 270, 360]) = [0, \pi/2, \pi, 3\pi/2, 2\pi]\]

The storage type of radians output depends upon the input storage type:

radians(default) = default

radians(row_sparse) = row_sparse

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_trig.cc:L182

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.relu(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Computes rectified linear.

\[max(features, 0)\]

The storage type of relu output depends upon the input storage type:

relu(default) = default

relu(row_sparse) = row_sparse

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_basic.cc:L83

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.retain(data=None, indices=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

pick rows specified by user input index array from a row sparse matrix and save them in the output sparse matrix.

Example:

data = [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]]
indices = [0, 1, 3]
shape = (4, 2)
rsp_in = row_sparse(data, indices)
to_retain = [0, 3]
rsp_out = retain(rsp_in, to_retain)
rsp_out.values = [[1, 2], [5, 6]]
rsp_out.indices = [0, 3]

The storage type of retain output depends on storage types of inputs

retain(row_sparse, default) = row_sparse
otherwise, retain is not supported

Defined in src/operator/tensor/sparse_retain.cc:L53

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array for sparse_retain operator. indices (Symbol) – The index array of rows ids that will be retained. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.rint(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Returns element-wise rounded value to the nearest integer of the input.

Note

For input n.5 rint returns n while round returns n+1.
For input -n.5 both rint and round returns -n-1.

Example:

rint([-1.5, 1.5, -1.9, 1.9, 2.1]) = [-2.,  1., -2.,  2.,  2.]

The storage type of rint output depends upon the input storage type:

rint(default) = default

rint(row_sparse) = row_sparse

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_basic.cc:L444

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.round(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Returns element-wise rounded value to the nearest integer of the input.

Example:

round([-1.5, 1.5, -1.9, 1.9, 2.1]) = [-2.,  2., -2.,  2.,  2.]

The storage type of round output depends upon the input storage type:

round(default) = default

round(row_sparse) = row_sparse

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_basic.cc:L423

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.rsqrt(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Returns element-wise inverse square-root value of the input.

\[rsqrt(x) = 1/\sqrt{x}\]

Example:

rsqrt([4,9,16]) = [0.5, 0.33333334, 0.25]

The storage type of rsqrt output is always dense

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_basic.cc:L584

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.sgd_mom_update(weight=None, grad=None, mom=None, lr=_Null, momentum=_Null, wd=_Null, rescale_grad=_Null, clip_gradient=_Null, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Momentum update function for Stochastic Gradient Descent (SDG) optimizer.

Momentum update has better convergence rates on neural networks. Mathematically it looks like below:

\[\begin{split}v_1 = \alpha * \nabla J(W_0)\\ v_t = \gamma v_{t-1} - \alpha * \nabla J(W_{t-1})\\ W_t = W_{t-1} + v_t\end{split}\]

It updates the weights using:

v = momentum * v - learning_rate * gradient
weight += v

Where the parameter momentum is the decay rate of momentum estimates at each epoch.

If weight and grad are both of row_sparse storage type and momentum is of default storage type, standard update is applied.

If weight, grad and momentum are all of row_sparse storage type, only the row slices whose indices appear in grad.indices are updated (for both weight and momentum):

for row in gradient.indices:
    v[row] = momentum[row] * v[row] - learning_rate * gradient[row]
    weight[row] += v[row]

Defined in src/operator/optimizer_op.cc:L265

Parameters:	weight (Symbol) – Weight grad (Symbol) – Gradient mom (Symbol) – Momentum lr (float, required) – Learning rate momentum (float, optional, default=0) – The decay rate of momentum estimates at each epoch. wd (float, optional, default=0) – Weight decay augments the objective function with a regularization term that penalizes large weights. The penalty scales with the square of the magnitude of each weight. rescale_grad (float, optional, default=1) – Rescale gradient to grad = rescale_gradgrad. clip_gradient* (float, optional, default=-1) – Clip gradient to the range of [-clip_gradient, clip_gradient] If clip_gradient <= 0, gradient clipping is turned off. grad = max(min(grad, clip_gradient), -clip_gradient). name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.sgd_update(weight=None, grad=None, lr=_Null, wd=_Null, rescale_grad=_Null, clip_gradient=_Null, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Update function for Stochastic Gradient Descent (SDG) optimizer.

It updates the weights using:

weight = weight - learning_rate * gradient

If weight is of row_sparse storage type, only the row slices whose indices appear in grad.indices are updated:

for row in gradient.indices:
    weight[row] = weight[row] - learning_rate * gradient[row]

Defined in src/operator/optimizer_op.cc:L222

Parameters:	weight (Symbol) – Weight grad (Symbol) – Gradient lr (float, required) – Learning rate wd (float, optional, default=0) – Weight decay augments the objective function with a regularization term that penalizes large weights. The penalty scales with the square of the magnitude of each weight. rescale_grad (float, optional, default=1) – Rescale gradient to grad = rescale_gradgrad. clip_gradient* (float, optional, default=-1) – Clip gradient to the range of [-clip_gradient, clip_gradient] If clip_gradient <= 0, gradient clipping is turned off. grad = max(min(grad, clip_gradient), -clip_gradient). name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.sigmoid(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Computes sigmoid of x element-wise.

\[y = 1 / (1 + exp(-x))\]

The storage type of sigmoid output is always dense

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_basic.cc:L102

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.sign(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Returns element-wise sign of the input.

Example:

sign([-2, 0, 3]) = [-1, 0, 1]

The storage type of sign output depends upon the input storage type:

sign(default) = default

sign(row_sparse) = row_sparse

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_basic.cc:L404

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.sin(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Computes the element-wise sine of the input array.

The input should be in radians (\(2\pi\) rad equals 360 degrees).

\[sin([0, \pi/4, \pi/2]) = [0, 0.707, 1]\]

The storage type of sin output depends upon the input storage type:

sin(default) = default

sin(row_sparse) = row_sparse

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_trig.cc:L46

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.sinh(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Returns the hyperbolic sine of the input array, computed element-wise.

\[sinh(x) = 0.5\times(exp(x) - exp(-x))\]

The storage type of sinh output depends upon the input storage type:

sinh(default) = default

sinh(row_sparse) = row_sparse

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_trig.cc:L201

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.slice(data=None, begin=_Null, end=_Null, step=_Null, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Slices a region of the array.

Note

crop is deprecated. Use slice instead.

This function returns a sliced array between the indices given by begin and end with the corresponding step.

For an input array of shape=(d_0, d_1, ..., d_n-1), slice operation with begin=(b_0, b_1...b_m-1), end=(e_0, e_1, ..., e_m-1), and step=(s_0, s_1, ..., s_m-1), where m <= n, results in an array with the shape (|e_0-b_0|/|s_0|, ..., |e_m-1-b_m-1|/|s_m-1|, d_m, ..., d_n-1).

The resulting array’s k-th dimension contains elements from the k-th dimension of the input array starting from index b_k (inclusive) with step s_k until reaching e_k (exclusive).

If the k-th elements are None in the sequence of begin, end, and step, the following rule will be used to set default values. If s_k is None, set s_k=1. If s_k > 0, set b_k=0, e_k=d_k; else, set b_k=d_k-1, e_k=-1.

The storage type of slice output depends on storage types of inputs

slice(csr) = csr
otherwise, slice generates output with default storage

Note

When input data storage type is csr, it only supports

step=(), or step=(None,), or step=(1,) to generate a csr output. For other step parameter values, it falls back to slicing a dense tensor.

Example:

x = [[  1.,   2.,   3.,   4.],
     [  5.,   6.,   7.,   8.],
     [  9.,  10.,  11.,  12.]]

slice(x, begin=(0,1), end=(2,4)) = [[ 2.,  3.,  4.],
                                   [ 6.,  7.,  8.]]
slice(x, begin=(None, 0), end=(None, 3), step=(-1, 2)) = [[9., 11.],
                                                          [5.,  7.],
                                                          [1.,  3.]]

Defined in src/operator/tensor/matrix_op.cc:L355

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – Source input begin (Shape(tuple), required) – starting indices for the slice operation, supports negative indices. end (Shape(tuple), required) – ending indices for the slice operation, supports negative indices. step (Shape(tuple), optional, default=[]) – step for the slice operation, supports negative values. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.sqrt(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Returns element-wise square-root value of the input.

\[\textrm{sqrt}(x) = \sqrt{x}\]

Example:

sqrt([4, 9, 16]) = [2, 3, 4]

The storage type of sqrt output depends upon the input storage type:

sqrt(default) = default

sqrt(row_sparse) = row_sparse

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_basic.cc:L564

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.square(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Returns element-wise squared value of the input.

\[square(x) = x^2\]

Example:

square([2, 3, 4]) = [4, 9, 16]

The storage type of square output depends upon the input storage type:

square(default) = default

square(row_sparse) = row_sparse

square(csr) = csr

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_basic.cc:L541

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.stop_gradient(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Stops gradient computation.

Stops the accumulated gradient of the inputs from flowing through this operator in the backward direction. In other words, this operator prevents the contribution of its inputs to be taken into account for computing gradients.

Example:

v1 = [1, 2]
v2 = [0, 1]
a = Variable('a')
b = Variable('b')
b_stop_grad = stop_gradient(3 * b)
loss = MakeLoss(b_stop_grad + a)

executor = loss.simple_bind(ctx=cpu(), a=(1,2), b=(1,2))
executor.forward(is_train=True, a=v1, b=v2)
executor.outputs
[ 1.  5.]

executor.backward()
executor.grad_arrays
[ 0.  0.]
[ 1.  1.]

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_basic.cc:L166

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.sum(data=None, axis=_Null, keepdims=_Null, exclude=_Null, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Computes the sum of array elements over given axes.

Note

sum and sum_axis are equivalent. For ndarray of csr storage type summation along axis 0 and axis 1 is supported. Setting keepdims or exclude to True will cause a fallback to dense operator.

Example:

data = [[[1,2],[2,3],[1,3]],
        [[1,4],[4,3],[5,2]],
        [[7,1],[7,2],[7,3]]]

sum(data, axis=1)
[[  4.   8.]
 [ 10.   9.]
 [ 21.   6.]]

sum(data, axis=[1,2])
[ 12.  19.  27.]

data = [[1,2,0],
        [3,0,1],
        [4,1,0]]

csr = cast_storage(data, 'csr')

sum(csr, axis=0)
[ 8.  3.  1.]

sum(csr, axis=1)
[ 3.  4.  5.]

Defined in src/operator/tensor/broadcast_reduce_op_value.cc:L85

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input axis (Shape(tuple), optional, default=[]) – The axis or axes along which to perform the reduction. The default, axis=(), will compute over all elements into a scalar array with shape (1,). If axis is int, a reduction is performed on a particular axis. If axis is a tuple of ints, a reduction is performed on all the axes specified in the tuple. If exclude is true, reduction will be performed on the axes that are NOT in axis instead. Negative values means indexing from right to left. keepdims (boolean, optional, default=0) – If this is set to True, the reduced axes are left in the result as dimension with size one. exclude (boolean, optional, default=0) – Whether to perform reduction on axis that are NOT in axis instead. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.tan(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Computes the element-wise tangent of the input array.

The input should be in radians (\(2\pi\) rad equals 360 degrees).

\[tan([0, \pi/4, \pi/2]) = [0, 1, -inf]\]

The storage type of tan output depends upon the input storage type:

tan(default) = default

tan(row_sparse) = row_sparse

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_trig.cc:L83

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.tanh(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Returns the hyperbolic tangent of the input array, computed element-wise.

\[tanh(x) = sinh(x) / cosh(x)\]

The storage type of tanh output depends upon the input storage type:

tanh(default) = default

tanh(row_sparse) = row_sparse

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_trig.cc:L234

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.trunc(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Return the element-wise truncated value of the input.

The truncated value of the scalar x is the nearest integer i which is closer to zero than x is. In short, the fractional part of the signed number x is discarded.

Example:

trunc([-2.1, -1.9, 1.5, 1.9, 2.1]) = [-2., -1.,  1.,  1.,  2.]

The storage type of trunc output depends upon the input storage type:

trunc(default) = default

trunc(row_sparse) = row_sparse

Defined in src/operator/tensor/elemwise_unary_op_basic.cc:L502

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input array. name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol

mxnet.symbol.sparse.zeros_like(data=None, name=None, attr=None, out=None, **kwargs)¶

Return an array of zeros with the same shape and type as the input array.

The storage type of zeros_like output depends on the storage type of the input

zeros_like(row_sparse) = row_sparse
zeros_like(csr) = csr
zeros_like(default) = default

Examples:

x = [[ 1.,  1.,  1.],
     [ 1.,  1.,  1.]]

zeros_like(x) = [[ 0.,  0.,  0.],
                 [ 0.,  0.,  0.]]

Parameters:	data (Symbol) – The input name (string, optional.) – Name of the resulting symbol.
Returns:	The result symbol.
Return type:	Symbol