Developing a Character-level Language model

This tutorial shows how to train a character-level language model with a multilayer recurrent neural network (RNN) using Scala. This model takes one text file as input and trains an RNN that learns to predict the next character in the sequence. In this tutorial, you train a multilayer LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) network that generates relevant text using Barack Obama's speech patterns.

There are many documents that explain LSTM concepts. If you aren't familiar with LSTM, refer to the following before you proceed: - Christopher Olah's Understanding LSTM blog post - Training a LSTM char-rnn in Julia to Generate Random Sentences - Bucketing in MXNet in Python - Bucketing in MXNet

How to Use This Tutorial

There are three ways to use this tutorial:

1) Run it by copying the provided code snippets and pasting them into the Scala command line, making the appropriate changes to the input file path.

2) Reuse the code by making changes to relevant parameters and running it from command line.

3) Run the source code directly by running the provided scripts.

To run the scripts: - Build and train the model with the run_train_charrnn.sh script. Edit the script as follows:

Edit the CLASS_PATH variable in the script to include your operating system-specific folder (e.g., linux-x86_64-cpu/linux-x86_64-gpu/osx-x86_64-cpu) in the path. Run the script with the following command:


    bash run_train_charrnn.sh <which GPU card to use; -1 means CPU> <input data path> <location to save the model>

    e.g.,
    bash run_train_charrnn.sh -1 ./datas/obama.txt ./models/obama

Edit the CLASS_PATH variable in the script to include your operating system-specific folder (e.g., linux-x86_64-cpu/linux-x86_64-gpu/osx-x86_64-cpu) in the path. Run the script with the following command:


    bash run_test_charrnn.sh <input data path> <trained model from previous script>

    e.g.,
    bash run_test_charrnn.sh ./datas/obama.txt ./models/obama

In this tutorial, you will accomplish the following:

  • Build an LSTM network that learns speech patterns from Barack Obama's speeches at the character level. At each time interval, the input is a character.
  • Clean up the dataset.
  • Train a model.
  • Fit the model.
  • Build the inference model.

Prerequisites

To complete this tutorial, setup and run the scala interpreter by following the instructions.

Download the Data

First, download the data, which contains Barack Obama's speeches. The data is stored in a file called obama.txt and is available on mxnet.io

To download the data which contains Barack Obama's speeches:

1) Download the dataset with the following command:

```bash
    wget http://data.mxnet.io/data/char_lstm.zip
```

2) Unzip the dataset with the following command:

```bash
    unzip char_lstm.zip -d char_lstm/
```

3) The downloaded data contains President Obama's speeches. You can have sneak peek at the dataset with the following command:

```bash
    head -10 obama.txt
```

Output: Call to Renewal Keynote Address Call to Renewal Pt 1Call to Renewal Part 2 TOPIC: Our Past, Our Future & Vision for America June 28, 2006 Call to Renewal' Keynote Address Complete Text Good morning. I appreciate the opportunity to speak here at the Call to R enewal's Building a Covenant for a New America conference. I've had the opportunity to take a look at your Covenant for a New Ame rica. It is filled with outstanding policies and prescriptions for much of what ails this country. So I'd like to congratulate yo u all on the thoughtful presentations you've given so far about poverty and justice in America, and for putting fire under the fe et of the political leadership here in Washington.But today I'd like to talk about the connection between religion and politics a nd perhaps offer some thoughts about how we can sort through some of the often bitter arguments that we've been seeing over the l ast several years.I do so because, as you all know, we can affirm the importance of poverty in the Bible; and we can raise up and pass out this Covenant for a New America. We can talk to the press, and we can discuss the religious call to address poverty and environmental stewardship all we want, but it won't have an impact unless we tackle head-on the mutual suspicion that sometimes

Prepare the Data

To preprocess the dataset, define the following utility functions:

  • readContent - Reads data from the data file.
  • buildVocab - Maps each character to a unique Integer ID, i.e., a build a vocabulary
  • text2Id - Encodes each sentence with an Integer ID.

Then, use these utility functions to generate vocabulary from the input text file (obama.txt).

To prepare the data:

1) Read the dataset with the following function:

scala> import scala.io.Source

import scala.io.Source

scala> // Read file
scala> def readContent(path: String): String = Source.fromFile(path).mkString

readContent: (path: String)String

2) Build a vocabulary with the following function:

scala> // Build  a vocabulary of what char we have in the content
scala> def buildVocab(path: String): Map[String, Int] = {
        val content = readContent(path).split("\n")
        var idx = 1 // 0 is left for zero padding
        var theVocab = Map[String, Int]()
        for (line <- content) {
         for (char <- line) {
           val key = s"$char"
           if (!theVocab.contains(key)) {
             theVocab = theVocab + (key -> idx)
             idx += 1
           }
         }
        }
        theVocab
       }

       buildVocab: (path: String)Map[String,Int]

3) To assign each character a unique numerical ID, use the following function:

scala> def text2Id(sentence: String, theVocab: Map[String, Int]): Array[Int] = {
        val words = for (char <- sentence) yield theVocab(s"$char")
        words.toArray
      }

      text2Id: (sentence: String, theVocab: Map[String,Int])Array[Int]

4) Now, build a character vocabulary from the dataset (obama.txt). Change the input filepath (dataPath) to reflect your settings. 

scala> // Give your system path to the "obama.txt" we have downloaded using previous steps.
scala> val dataPath = "obama.txt"
dataPath: String = obama.txt

scala> val vocab = buildVocab(dataPath)

scala> vocab.size
res23: Int = 82

Build a Multi-layer LSTM model

Now, create a multi-layer LSTM model.

To create the model:

1) Load the helper files (Lstm.scala, BucketIo.scala and RnnModel.scala). Lstm.scala contains the definition of the LSTM cell. BucketIo.scala creates a sentence iterator. RnnModel.scala is used for model inference. The helper files are available on the MXNet site. To load them, at the Scala command prompt type:

scala> :load ../../../scala-package/examples/src/main/scala/org/apache/mxnet/examples/rnn/Lstm.scala
scala> :load ../../../scala-package/examples/src/main/scala/org/apache/mxnet/examples/rnn/BucketIo.scala
scala> :load ../../../scala-package/examples/src/main/scala/org/apache/mxnet/examples/rnn/RnnModel.scala

2) Set the LSTM hyperparameters as follows:

scala> // We can support various input lengths.
scala> // For this problem, we cut each input sentence to a length of 129 characters.
scala> // So we only need a fixed length bucket length.
scala> val buckets = Array(129)
buckets: Array[Int] = Array(129)

scala> // hidden unit in LSTM cell
scala> val numHidden = 512
numHidden: Int = 512

scala> // The embedding dimension, which maps a char to a 256 dim vector
scala> val numEmbed = 256
numEmbed: Int = 256

scala> // The number of lstm layers
scala> val numLstmLayer = 3
numLstmLayer: Int = 3

scala> // The batch size for training
scala> val batchSize = 32
batchSize: Int = 32

3) Now, construct the LSTM network as a symbolic computation graph. Type the following to create a graph in which the model is unrolled for a fixed length explicitly in time.

scala> // generate symbol for a length
scala> def symGen(seqLen: Int): Symbol = {
    Lstm.lstmUnroll(numLstmLayer, seqLen, vocab.size + 1,
                numHidden = numHidden, numEmbed = numEmbed,
                numLabel = vocab.size + 1, dropout = 0.2f)
  }
symGen: (seqLen: Int)org.apache.mxnet.Symbol

scala> // create the network symbol
scala> val symbol = symGen(buckets(0))
symbol: org.apache.mxnet.Symbol = org.apache.mxnet.Symbol@3a589eed

4) To train the model, initialize states for the LSTM and create a data iterator, which groups the data into buckets. Note: The BucketSentenceIter data iterator supports various length examples; however, we use only the fixed length version in this tutorial.


scala> // initialize states for LSTM
scala> val initC = for (l <- 0 until numLstmLayer) yield (s"l${l}_init_c", (batchSize, numHidden))

initC: scala.collection.immutable.IndexedSeq[(String, (Int, Int))] = Vector((l0_init_c,(32,512)),
(l1_init_c,(32,512)), (l2_init_c,(32,512)))

scala> val initH = for (l <- 0 until numLstmLayer) yield (s"l${l}_init_h", (batchSize, numHidden))

initH: scala.collection.immutable.IndexedSeq[(String, (Int, Int))] = Vector((l0_init_h,(32,512)),
(l1_init_h,(32,512)), (l2_init_h,(32,512)))

scala> val initStates = initC ++ initH

initStates: scala.collection.immutable.IndexedSeq[(String, (Int, Int))] =
Vector((l0_init_c,(32,512)), (l1_init_c,(32,512)), (l2_init_c,(32,512)), (l0_init_h,(32,512)),
(l1_init_h,(32,512)), (l2_init_h,(32,512)))

scala> val dataTrain = new BucketIo.BucketSentenceIter(dataPath, vocab, buckets,
                                      batchSize, initStates, seperateChar = "\n",
                                      text2Id = text2Id, readContent = readContent)

dataTrain: BucketIo.BucketSentenceIter = non-empty iterator

5) You can set more than 100 epochs, but for this tutorial, specify 75 epochs. Each epoch can take as long as 4 minutes on a GPU. In this tutorial, you will use the ADAM optimizer: ```scala scala> import org.apache.mxnet._ import org.apache.mxnet._

scala> import org.apache.mxnet.Callback.Speedometer import org.apache.mxnet.Callback.Speedometer

scala> import org.apache.mxnet.optimizer.Adam import org.apache.mxnet.optimizer.Adam

scala> // and we will see result by training 75 epochs scala> val numEpoch = 75 numEpoch: Int = 75

scala> // learning rate scala> val learningRate = 0.001f learningRate: Float = 0.001


6) Define the perplexity utility function for the evaluation metric which is used to calculate the negative log-likelihood during training.

```scala
scala> def perplexity(label: NDArray, pred: NDArray): Float = {
        val shape = label.shape
        val size = shape(0) * shape(1)
        val labelT = {
          val tmp = label.toArray.grouped(shape(1)).toArray
          val result = Array.fill[Float](size)(0f)
          var idx = 0
          for (i <- 0 until shape(1)) {
            for (j <- 0 until shape(0)) {
              result(idx) = tmp(j)(i)
              idx += 1
            }
          }
          result
        }
        var loss = 0f
        val predArray = pred.toArray.grouped(pred.shape(1)).toArray
        for (i <- 0 until pred.shape(0)) {
          loss += -Math.log(Math.max(1e-10, predArray(i)(labelT(i).toInt)).toFloat).toFloat
        }
        loss / size
        }

perplexity: (label: org.apache.mxnet.NDArray, pred: org.apache.mxnet.NDArray)Float

scala> def doCheckpoint(prefix: String): EpochEndCallback = new EpochEndCallback {
            override def invoke(epoch: Int, symbol: Symbol,
                                argParams: Map[String, NDArray],
                                auxStates: Map[String, NDArray]): Unit = {
              Model.saveCheckpoint(prefix, epoch + 1, symbol, argParams, auxStates)
            }
        }

doCheckpoint: (prefix: String)org.apache.mxnet.EpochEndCallback

7) Define the initializer that is required for creating a model, as follows:

scala> val initializer = new Xavier(factorType = "in", magnitude = 2.34f)

initializer: org.apache.mxnet.Xavier = org.apache.mxnet.Xavier@54e8f10a

8) Now, you have implemented all the supporting infrastructures for the char-lstm model. To train the model, use the standard MXNet high-level API. You can train the model on a single GPU or CPU from multiple GPUs or CPUs by changing scala .setContext(Array(Context.gpu(0),Context.gpu(1),Context.gpu(2),Context.gpu(3))) to scala .setContext(Array(Context.gpu(0))): ```scala scala> val model = FeedForward.newBuilder(symbol) .setContext(Array(Context.gpu(0),Context.gpu(1),Context.gpu(2),Context.gpu(3))) .setNumEpoch(numEpoch) .setOptimizer(new Adam(learningRate = learningRate, wd = 0.00001f)) .setInitializer(initializer) .setTrainData(dataTrain) .setEvalMetric(new CustomMetric(perplexity, name = "perplexity")) .setBatchEndCallback(new Speedometer(batchSize, 20)) .setEpochEndCallback(doCheckpoint("obama")) .build()

model: org.apache.mxnet.FeedForward = org.apache.mxnet.FeedForward@4926f6c7 ```

Now, you have an LSTM model and you've trained it. Use this model to create the inference.

Build the Inference Model

You can now sample sentences from the trained model. The sampler works as follows: - Takes some fixed character set (e.g., "The United States") and feeds it into the LSTM as the starting input. - The LSTM produces an output distribution over the vocabulary and a state in the first time step then, samples a character from the output distribution and fixes it as the second character. - In the next time step, feeds the previously sampled character as input. - Continues running until it has sampled enough characters. Note we are running mini-batches, so several sentences could be sampled simultaneously.

To build the inference model, define the following utility functions that help MXNet make inferences:

  • makeRevertVocab - Reverts the key value in the dictionary for easy access to characters while predicting
  • makeInput - Uses a given character as input
  • cdf, choice - cdf is a helper function for the choice function, which is used to create random samples
  • makeOutput - Directs the model to use either random output or fixed output by choosing the option with the greatest probability.
scala> import scala.util.Random

scala> // helper structure for prediction
scala> def makeRevertVocab(vocab: Map[String, Int]): Map[Int, String] = {
          var dic = Map[Int, String]()
          vocab.foreach { case (k, v) =>
            dic = dic + (v -> k)
          }
          dic
        }

makeRevertVocab: (vocab: Map[String,Int])Map[Int,String]

scala> // make input from char
scala> def makeInput(char: Char, vocab: Map[String, Int], arr: NDArray): Unit = {
      val idx = vocab(s"$char")
      val tmp = NDArray.zeros(1)
      tmp.set(idx)
      arr.set(tmp)
    }

makeInput: (char: Char, vocab: Map[String,Int], arr: org.apache.mxnet.NDArray)Unit

scala> // helper function for random sample
scala> def cdf(weights: Array[Float]): Array[Float] = {
        val total = weights.sum
        var result = Array[Float]()
        var cumsum = 0f
        for (w <- weights) {
          cumsum += w
          result = result :+ (cumsum / total)
        }
        result
      }

cdf: (weights: Array[Float])Array[Float]

scala> def choice(population: Array[String], weights: Array[Float]): String = {
      assert(population.length == weights.length)
      val cdfVals = cdf(weights)
      val x = Random.nextFloat()
      var idx = 0
      var found = false
      for (i <- 0 until cdfVals.length) {
        if (cdfVals(i) >= x && !found) {
          idx = i
          found = true
        }
      }
      population(idx)
    }

choice: (population: Array[String], weights: Array[Float])String

scala> // we can use random output or fixed output by choosing largest probability
scala> def makeOutput(prob: Array[Float], vocab: Map[Int, String],
                      sample: Boolean = false, temperature: Float = 1f): String = {
         var idx = -1
         val char = if (sample == false) {
           idx = ((-1f, -1) /: prob.zipWithIndex) { (max, elem) =>
             if (max._1 < elem._1) elem else max
           }._2
           if (vocab.contains(idx)) vocab(idx)
           else ""
         } else {
           val fixDict = Array("") ++ (1 until vocab.size + 1).map(i => vocab(i))
           var scaleProb = prob.map(x => if (x < 1e-6) 1e-6 else if (x > 1 - 1e-6) 1 - 1e-6 else x)
           var rescale = scaleProb.map(x => Math.exp(Math.log(x) / temperature).toFloat)
           val sum = rescale.sum.toFloat
           rescale = rescale.map(_ / sum)
           choice(fixDict, rescale)
         }
         char
       }

makeOutput: (prob: Array[Float], vocab: Map[Int,String], sample: Boolean, temperature: Float)String

1) Build the inference model:

scala> // load from check-point
scala> val (_, argParams, _) = Model.loadCheckpoint("obama", 75)

scala> // build an inference model
scala> val model = new RnnModel.LSTMInferenceModel(numLstmLayer, vocab.size + 1, \
                           numHidden = numHidden, numEmbed = numEmbed, \
                           numLabel = vocab.size + 1, argParams = argParams, \
                           ctx = Context.cpu(), dropout = 0.2f)

model: RnnModel.LSTMInferenceModel = RnnModel$LSTMInferenceModel@2f0c0319

2) Now you can generate a sequence of 1200 characters (you can select any number of characters you want) starting with "The United States" as follows:


scala> val seqLength = 1200
seqLength: Int = 1200

scala> val inputNdarray = NDArray.zeros(1)
inputNdarray: org.apache.mxnet.NDArray = org.apache.mxnet.NDArray@9c231a24

scala> val revertVocab = makeRevertVocab(vocab)

scala> // Feel free to change the starter sentence

scala> var output = "The United States"
output: String = The United States

scala> val randomSample = true
randomSample: Boolean = true

scala> var newSentence = true
newSentence: Boolean = true

scala> val ignoreLength = output.length()
ignoreLength: Int = 17

scala> for (i <- 0 until seqLength) {
        if (i <= ignoreLength - 1) makeInput(output(i), vocab, inputNdarray)
        else makeInput(output.takeRight(1)(0), vocab, inputNdarray)
        val prob = model.forward(inputNdarray, newSentence)
        newSentence = false
        val nextChar = makeOutput(prob, revertVocab, randomSample)
        if (nextChar == "") newSentence = true
        if (i >= ignoreLength) output = output ++ nextChar
      }

scala> output

res7: String = The United States who have been blessed no companies would be proud that the challenges we face, it's not as directly untelle are in my daughters - you can afford -- life-saving march care and poor information and receiving battle against other speeces and lead its people. After champions of 2006, and because Africa in America, separate has been conferenced by children ation of discrimination, we remember all of this, succeeded in any other feelings of a palently better political process - at lliims being disability payment. All across all different mights of a more just a few global personal morality and industrialized ready to succeed.One can afford when the earliest days of a pension you can add to the system be confructive despair. They have starting in the demand for...

You can see the output generated from Obama's speeches. All of the line breaks, punctuation, and uppercase and lowercase letters were produced by the sampler (no post-processing was performed).

Next Steps